What is Computer Networking? 

 •is connecting a computer with other computers or other devices to enable them to communicate with each other

Computer Networking

•LAN 

Local Area Network

•MAN 

Metropolitan Area Network

•WAN 

Wide Area Network  

Networking components can be categorise into

•Terminals, Workstations, Computers, and other devices (end nodes)

•Transmission Media ( for transmitting data and control signals)

•Network electronics ( intermediate devices for routing data from source to destination)

•Software to control data transmission

•Network Architecture Standards (Standards to enable devices made by different companies to work/communicate with each other.

TRANSMISSON MEDIA

•The physical media used to transmit data in a networked environment.

•To Transmit signal / electrical pulse through a medium.

•2 types :  bounded/guided or unbounded/unguided

Bounded Media   

1.Twisted pair wire

-type of wiring in which two conductors (forward and return circuit conductors a) twisted together for the purpose of canceling the electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources

2.Co-axial cable

3.Fiber optic cables 

 Unbounded Media (air or a vacuum)

1.AM and FM radio

-FM stands for "frequency modulation

-AM stands for "amplitude modulation," so it is not difficult to understand that our differences are based on radio caragelombang modulate, or volatility.

2.TV broadcasting

3.Satellite communication

4.Microwave radio

5.Infrared signals and bluetooth

-infrared is a communication system based on infrared light is used for short range communications applications line of sight or point-to-point, while 

-Bluetooth is a low cost, low power, short-range radio technology was originally developed as a replacement cable to connect the various perantisepertitelefon mobile, headset, PDAs and laptops.

6.Bridge

-A network bridge connect multiple network segment.

7.Routers

-translates information from one network to another;it is similar to a superintelligent bridge.

8.Gateway

-A network node equipped for interfacing with another network that uses different protocol.

  

Data transmission is 6 type:
1. Analog vs digital
2 .Bandwidth
3. Serials Vs Parallel
4. Transmission timing
5. Transmission directions
6.Circuit switched, Packet‐Switched, and Broadcast
   Connections


1.Analog
-Transmission uses signals that are exact replicas of a sound wave or image.


2.Digital
-Transmission the signals are converted into a binary code, which consists of two elements.

example of analogue and digital system:

3.Bandwidth
-The amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.For digital devices, the bandwidth is usually measured in bits per second(bps), Megabits persecond (Mbps). Medium with higher bandwidth deliver data
faster.


4.serial and parallel
•Serial
 data sent  one bit at a time,one after another a long a single path
• Parallel
data  is sent at least one byte at a time, each bit in  the byte taking separate path

5.Transmission Timing
a)Synchronous transmission
 Data organised into blocks or groups and transferred at regular specified interval


b)Asynchronous transmission
  the process where transmitted data is encoded with start and stop bits, specifying the beginning     and end of each character.Data sent without being synchronised


c)Isochronous transmission
data is sent  at the same time as other related data to support certain types of real time applications e.g streaming voice, video and music.

data transmission mode

WEEK 2

WEB BROWSER.

-is a software application that enables a user to display and interact with text, images, and other information typically located on a web page at a website on the World Wide Web or a local area network. 

Examples of web browser::

1.  Mozilla Firefox, 
2. Apple Safari 
3. Netscape 
4. Opera
5. Microsoft Internet Explorer and so on..   

META-SEARCH ENGINE ?

-A metasearch engine is a search tool that sends user requests to several other search engines and/or databases and aggregates the results into a single list or displays them according to their source.

-Metasearch engines operate on the premise that the Web is too large for any one search engine to index it all and that more comprehensive search results can be obtained by combining the results from several search engines.

-This also may save the user from having to use multiple search engines separately.

Examples:
 
 

BOOKMARK (WORLD WIDE WEB)?

-In the context of the World Wide Web, a bookmark is a locally stored Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).
-All modern web browsers include bookmark features.
-Bookmarks are called favorites or Internet shortcuts in Internet Explorer.
-Bookmarks are normally accessed through a menu in the user's web browser, and folders are commonly used for organization.
-In addition to bookmarking methods within most browsers, many external applications offer bookmark management.

CLEAR HISTORY ??

-Clear History is free and powerfull windows desktop application to clean search history from your computer. It is full featured program that greatly surpasses most commercial programs out there.

WHAT IS CLEAR CACHE(VIDEO)?

-Cache files are nothing but regular files from web pages you visited, pictures, videos etc. Those files are used by browser instead of downloading again so your pages load faster.
-But, cache files are an evidence of where you have been and what you were doing on internet. So if you don't want your internet habits to be discovered you should clear cache on regular basis.
-To clear cache in your web browser is very straightforward - follow the instructions bellow. 

• Go to the Tools menu
• Select Clear Private Data
• Make sure Cache is checked. Uncheck others as you wish.
• Click on Clear Private Data Now and your cache is cleared.

CLEAR URL HISTORY ???

-If you don't clear URL history files, your web browser automatically keeps a detailed record of all web sites you've visited usually for more than forty days.
-The history feature enables you to have a more exact internet surfing experience. However if you want to eliminate only specific private searches from your URL history because there are other users of your PC who would like their URLs logged, you can selectively clear URL history files.If you don't clear URL history files, your web browser automatically keeps a detailed record of all web sites you've visited usually for more than forty days.
-The history feature enables you to have a more exact internet surfing experience. However if you want to eliminate only specific private searches from your URL history because there are other users of your PC who would like their URLs logged, you can selectively clear URL history files.

MULTITASKING ??

-The ability to execute more than one task at the same time, a task being a program. 

In multitasking, only one CPU is involved, but it switches from one program to another so quickly that it gives the appearance of executing all of the programs at the same time.

PLUG-IN ???

In computing, a plug-in (or plugin) is a set of software components that adds specific abilities to a larger software application.
 -If supported, plug-ins enable customizing the functionality of an application.
-For example, plug-ins are commonly used in web browsers to play video, scan for viruses, and display new file types. Well-known plug-ins examples include Adobe Flash Player, QuickTime, and Microsoft Silverlight.

WEEK 1

what is communication??
The imparting,conveying or exchange of thoughts,messages,idea,knowledge or information by sign and sound like speech,writing or behavior.


how about telecommunication ??
Is refers to the transfer of data(communication)from a transmitter to a receiver across a distance
6 elements in computer&communication technology::
1.people
  ~ the most important element in communication because they built, analyse and develop the system.
2.procedure
  ~ specification of the series of actions, acts or operation which have to be executed in the same manner in order to obtain always the same result in the same circumstances example: emergency procedures.
3.data/information
  ~ information stored on the computer system, used by applications to accomplish tasks.
4.hardware
  ~ units for data:: Bit, Byte, Kilobyte(KB), Megabyte(MB), Gigabyte(GB), Terabyte(TB).
5.software
  ~ refers to parts of the computer that have no materials form: programs, data, protocols and others also called by software.
6.communication
  ~ transmission of data.
  ~ can conversion of data analog-to-digital, and digital-to-analog.
5 categories of ICT equipment/devices::
- input
-output
-process
-storage
-communication